The Zoraptera Database

Catalog of the Order Zoraptera

The order Zoraptera, originally established in 1913 by Silvestri, is one of the smallest and least known of the insect orders. It presently contains only one family, Zorotypidae Silvestri, with two genera and 38 nominal species (33 Recent and five fossil), most of which are tropical in distribution.

The number of described taxa in this order has increased by about 50% since the catalog of Hubbard (1990) appeared. This paper is an attempt to catalog all references in the scientific literature to the species of the order Zoraptera. No attempt, however, has been made to include all references in text-books, field guides, popular articles, and other sources not of the primary scientific literature.

Each mention of a taxon is given in chronological order, followed by the author of the reference, the date and page and figure numbers, if any. For each reference to a species the stage (adult male, adult female, nymph, egg) described or figured (if able to be determined) is listed. Other annotations are included as appropriate. The known geographical distribution for each species is listed at the end of its list of references. Following the taxonomic catalog is a list of non-specific references to Zoraptera which are of interest.

Genus Xenozorotypus Engel and Grimaldi

• Xenozorotypus Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:12 (Type-species: Xenozorotypus burmiticus Engel and Grimaldi, type by original designation).

Xenozorotypus burmiticus Engel and Grimaldi

• Xenozorotypus burmiticus Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:13, fig. 4-5, 11-12 (male).
• Xenozorotypus burmiticus; Engel, 2003:147.

• Distribution: Myanmar (Cretaceous).

Genus Zorotypus Silvestri

• Zorotypus Silvestri, 1913:196 (Type-species: Zorotypus guineensis Silvestri, type by original designation).
• Zorotypus; Caudell, 1920:84.
• Zorotypus; Gurney, 1942:43.
• Zorotypus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1947:145.
• Zorotypus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:347.
• Zorotypus; Denis, 1949:545.
• Zorotypus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus; Gurney, 1938:57.
• Zorotypus; Weidner, 1969:30.
• Zorotypus; Matsuda, 1970:218.
• Zorotypus; Smithers, 1970:302.
• Zorotypus; Gurney, 1974:32.
• Zorotypus; Huang, 1981a:1087.
• Zorotypus; Huang, 1982:269.
• Zorotypus; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:333.
• Floridazoros Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:340 (Type-species: Zorotypus snyderi Caudell, type by original designation).
• Usazoros Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:340 (Type-species: Zorotypus hubbardi Caudell, type by original designation).
• Meridozoros Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:341 (Type-species: Zorotypus lelupi Weidner, type by original designation).
• Brazilozoros Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:342 (Type-species: Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri, type by original designation).
• Centrozoros Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:342 (Type-species: Zorotypus gurneyi Choe, type by original designation).
• Latinozoros Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:342 (Type-species: Zorotypus barberi Choe, type by original designation).
• Formosozoros Chao and Chen, 2000:24 (Type-species: Formosozoros newi Chao and Chen, type by original designation).
• Zorotypus; New, 2000:77.
• Zorotypus; Beutel, 2001:177.
• Zorotypus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:151.

  Subgenus Zorotypus (Octozorus) Engel

  • Zorotypus (Octozorus) Engel, 2003:148 (type-species: Zorotypus acanthothorax Engel and Grimadi, type by original designation).

  Subgenus Zorotypus (Zorotypus) Silvestri

  • Zorotypus (Zorotypus); Engel, 2003:148.

Zorotypus (s.s.) acanthothorax Engel and Grimaldi

• Zorotypus acanthothorax Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:10, fig. 3, 8, 10 (male).
• Zorotypus (Octozoros) acanthothorax; Engel, 2003:147.

• Distribution: Myanmar (Cretaceous).

Zorotypus (s.s.) barberi Gurney

• Zorotypus barberi Gurney, 1938:70, fig. 32-39 (male).
• Zorotypus barberi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus barberi; Denis, 1949:551 (male).
• Zorotypus barberi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus barberi; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:99.
• Zorotypus barberi; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus barberi; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 18 (male.
• Zorotypus barberi; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus barberi; Weidner, 1976:175.
• Zorotypus barberi; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus barberi; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus barberi; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus barberi; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus barberi; Choe, 1989:152, fig. 1, 6-9, 14-18, 20 (male, female, nymph, egg).
• Latinozoros barberi; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:343, fig. 14-16 (adult).
• Zorotypus barberi; Aberlenc, 1995:37.
• Zorotypus barberi; Vahed, 1998:51.
• Zorotypus barberi; Choe, 1995:1511, fig. 1-2 (male, female).
• Zorotypus barberi; Choe, 1997:130.
• Zorotypus barberi ?; Engel, 2000: 18.
• Latinozoros barberi; New, 2000:79.
• Zorotypus barberi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:149.

• Distribution: Costa Rica [Cocos Island], Panama, Dominican Republic, Trinidad, French Guiana.

Zorotypus (s.s.) brasiliensis

• Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri, 1947:1, fig. 1-4 (female, nymph, egg).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Denis, 1949: fig. 192 (female).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956, fig. 37 (female).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Weidner, 1969:31, fig. 2.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970: fig. 48 (female).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 1, 6, 12, 24 (female, egg).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Matsuda, 1976:168, fig. 40d (female).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Remane, Storch, and Welsch, 1976: fig. 235.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Weidner, 1976:174.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Nachtigall, 1979: fig. 2 (female; wings).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Choe, 1989:150.
• Brazilozoros brasiliensis; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:342, fig. 10 (adult).
• Zorotypus brasiliensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Brazil.

Zorotypus (s.s.) buxtoni Karny

• Zorotypus buxtoni Karny, 1932:118, fig. 1.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Gurney, 1938:73.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Gurney, 1939:163.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus bustoni [sic]; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; New, 1995:245.
• Zorotypus buxtoni; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Samoa.

Zorotypus (s.s.) caudelli Karny

• "Zorotypus aus Wai Lima" Karny, 1923:15, fig. 1-7 (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus caudelli Karny, 1927:1, fig. 1, pl. 1.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Karny, 1932:119.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Gurney, 1938:73, fig. 27-28 (male).
• Zorotypus caudelli; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 13 (adult).
• Zorotypus caudelli; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus caudelli; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus caudelli; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:338, fig. 1 (adult).
• Zorotypus caudelli; New, 1995:244.
• Zorotypus caudelli; New, 2000:77, fig. 1-16 (male, female).
• Zorotypus caudelli; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:160.

• Distribution: Sumatra [Wai Lima] (Indonesia).

Zorotypus (s.s.) ceylonicus Silvestri

• Zorotypus ceylonicus Silvestri, 1913:207, fig. 8-12 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Caudell, 1918:381.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Ferrante, 1918:23.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Caudell, 1922:135.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Karny, 1923:19.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Karny, 1932:118.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Gurney, 1938:74, fig. 31.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Denis, 1949:551.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Paulian, 1949:80.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Weidner, 1969:30.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 20 (male, nymph).
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:106 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Huang, 1974:424.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus ceylonicus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Sri Lanka.

Zorotypus (s.s.) congensis van Ryn-Tournel

• Zorotypus congensis van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:102, fig. 1-10 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus congensis; Gurney, 1974:32.
• Zorotypus congensis; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus congensis; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus congensis; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus congensis; Choe, 1989:153.
• Zorotypus congensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:160.

• Distribution: Zaire.

Zorotypus (s.s.) cramptoni Gurney

• Zorotypus cramptoni Gurney, 1938:69, fig. 49-54 (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Bolivar y Pieltain, 1940:519.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Weidner, 1976:174.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus cramptoni; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Guatemala.

Zorotypus cretatus Engel and Grimaldi

• Zorotypus cretatus Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:4, fig. 1, 7 (sex indeterminate).

• Distribution: Myanmar (Cretaceous).

Zorotypus (s.s.) delamarei Paulian

• Zorotypus delamarei Paulian, 1949:78, fig. 1-2 (male, female).
• Zorotypus delamarei; Paulian, 1951:33, fig. 4 (male).
• Zorotypus delamarei; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1951:37, fig. 1-2 (male).
• Zorotypus delamarei; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:38, fig. 32 (male).
• Zorotypus delamarei; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:99.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970:47, fig. 43 (male).
• Zorotypus delamarei; van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:100.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Gurney, 1974:32.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 14 (male).
• Zorotypus delamarei; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus delamarei; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Choe, 1989:154.
• Zorotypus delamarei; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:160.

• Distribution: Madagascar.

Zorotypus (s.s.) goeleti Engel and Grimaldi

• Zorotypus goeleti Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:155, fig. 1-2, 4-6 (female).
• Zorotypus goeleti; Engel, 2003, fig. 1b (female).

• Distribution: Dominican Republic (Miocene).

Zorotypus (s.s.) guineensis Silvestri

• Zorotypus guineensis Silvestri, 1913:205, fig. 1-7 (adult).
• Zorotypus guineensis; Silvestri, 1916:120.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Caudell, 1918:381.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Ferrante, 1918:23.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Caudell, 1922:135.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Karny, 1923:15.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Handlirsch, 1925: fig. 438.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Tillyard, 1926: fig. M1.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Caudell, 1927:145.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Handlirsch, 1930: fig. 907 (male).
• Zorotypus guineensis; Lameere, 1935: fig. 395-396 (male).
• Zorotypus guineensis; Gurney, 1938:74, fig. 30.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1947:145.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948b:97 (feeding, predators).
• Zorotypus guineensis; Paulian, 1949:77.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Denis, 1949:551, fig. 193, 198, 201 (nymph).
• Zorotypus guineensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Matsuda, 1965:120.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Weidner, 1969:30.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Matsuda, 1970: fig. 90b, c, 91.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 3, 8 (male).
• Zorotypus guineensis; van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:100.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Gurney, 1974:32.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus guineensis; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:338.
• Zorotypus guineensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Guinea, Ghana, Ivory Coast.

Zorotypus (s.s.) gurneyi Choe

• Zorotypus gurneyi Choe, 1989:149, fig. 1-5, 10-13, 19 (male, female, nymph, egg).
• Zorotypus gurneyi; Choe, 1995:1517.
• Zorotypus gurneyi; Choe, 1997:130.
• Centrozoros gurneyi; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:342, fig. 11-13 (adult).
• Centrozoros gurneyi; New, 2000:79.
• Zorotypus gurneyi; Engel, 2001:279.
• Zorotypus gurneyi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:149.

• Distribution: Panama, Costa Rica.

Zorotypus (s.s.) hamiltoni New

• Zorotypus hamiltoni New, 1978:365, fig. 16-23 (male, female).
• Zorotypus hamiltoni; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus hamiltoni; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus hamiltoni; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus hamiltoni; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus hamiltoni; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Colombia, Barbados.

Zorotypus (s.s.) hubbardi Caudell

• "Termitophilous psocid" Hubbard in Snyder, 1915:71.
• Zorotypus hubbardi Caudell, 1918:377 (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Caudell, 1920:85, fig. 1-4 (female, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardis [sic]; Crampton, 1920b:98, fig. 1-5 (male, female).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Banks and Snyder, 1920:119.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Snyder, 1920:118 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Crampton, 1921b:97.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Crampton, 1921a:111, fig. 11.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Caudell, 1922:135.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Walker, 1922:50, pl. 8 fig. 78-79 (male).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Caudell, 1923a:61.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Karny, 1923:18.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Wheeler, 1923:346 (sociality).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Handlirsch, 1925: fig. 437 (female).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Tillyard, 1926: fig. M2 (wing).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Handlirsch, 1930: fig. 908 (female).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Lameere, 1935: fig. 397 (female).
• Zorapterus [sic] hubbardi; Navás, 1937:54.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Snodgrass, 1937:18, fig. 5.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Costa Lima, 1938:331, fig. 156 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Gurney, 1938:60, fig. 1-10 (male, female, nymph, egg).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Gurney, 1939:164.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Gurney, 1942:43, fig. 1-3.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1947:145.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:347.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948b:97 (feeding, predators).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Denis, 1949:551, fig. 194-195, 197, 200c (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Valentine and Wilson, 1949:180.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1950:124.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Copeland, 1953:314.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Copeland, 1954:98.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; St. Amand, 1954:131.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:38, fig. 33 (male).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1956b:188.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1956a:227.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1957a:33.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1957b:265.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel and Koestner, 1957:512.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Frost, 1959:78, fig. 48 (female).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Gurney, 1959:183.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Marsh, 1959:511.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Van Cleave and Goin, 1959:22.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel and Ferguson, 1960:213.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Van Cleave, Drew, and Goin, 1962:157.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:99.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1963:744, fig. 1-3.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Matsuda, 1965, fig. 48b.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1968:125.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Mignot and Sillings, 1969:72.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Shetlar, 1969:104.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Weidner, 1969:31, fig. 8 (nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Matsuda, 1970: fig. 90a, d.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Smithers, 1970: fig. 17.1-17.2.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970:47, fig. 44 (male).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 4-5, 9-10, 15, 21-23 (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Darst, Cooper, Paul, and Steen, 1974:224.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1974:106 (life history).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Shetlar, 1974:1, fig. 1-7 (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Tietjen, Faircloth, and Edge, 1974:87.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Kristensen, 1975: fig. 7.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Seeger, 1975:139 (antennae).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Cooper, 1976:57.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Matsuda, 1976:167, fig. 40a, e-f (male).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Mizell and Nebeker, 1976:58.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Sperka, 1976:270.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Morrison and Carpenter, 1977:141.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; New, 1978:361.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1978:III, fig. (male).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Shetlar, 1978:217, fig. 1.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Slifer and Sekhon, 1978:1, fig. 1-7 (male, female).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Huang, 1981a:1087.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Roonwal and Rathore, 1983:339.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Valentine, 1986:150 (grooming behavior).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Riegel, 1987:184, fig. 19.1-19.4 (egg, nymph).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Urrelo, Rice, and Blocker, 1987:153.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Choe, 1989:150.
• Usazoros hubbardi; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:340, fig. 3-4 (adult).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Choe, 1997:131.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Beutel, 2001:178.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Engel, 2001:278.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:18.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Engel and Grimaldi,2002:149.
• Usazoros hubbardi; Short, 2002:215.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Kuznetsova, Nokkala, and Shcherbakov, 2002:1047, fig. 1-4 (male, female).
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Engel, 2003:1202.
• Zorotypus hubbardi; Beutel and Weide, 2005:121, fig. 1-8.

• Distribution: Southeastern United States [Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia].

Zorotypus (s.s.) huxleyi Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado G.

• Zorotypus huxleyi Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado G., 1963:93, fig. 1-4, pl. 4 fig. 1-5 (male, female).
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Weidner, 1976:175.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; New, 1978:368, fig. 24-28 (male).
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Engel, 2000:17 (male, female).
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Engel, 2001:279.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.
• Zorotypus huxleyi; Engel, 2003, fig. 1a, c (female).

• Distribution: Peru, Brazil.

Zorotypus (s.s.) javanicus Silvestri

• Zorotypus javanicus Silvestri, 1913:208, fig. 12-13 (nymph).
• Zorotypus javanicus; Caudell, 1918:381.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Ferrante, 1918:23.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Caudell, 1922:135.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Karny, 1923:15.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Karny, 1927:1, fig. 1-3, pl. 1.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Karny, 1932:118.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Denis, 1932:109 (nymph, adult).
• Zorotypus javanicus; Gurney, 1938:73, fig. 29.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:347.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:129.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Weidner, 1969:30.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus javanicus; van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:107 (female).
• Zorotypus javanicus; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus javanicus; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus javanicus; New, 1995:244.
• Zorotypus javanicus; New, 2000:79.
• Zorotypus javanicus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Java (Indonesia).

Zorotypus (s.s.) juinensis Engel

• Zorotypus juinensis Engel 2000:12, fig. 1-5a (male, female).
• Zorotypus juinensis Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159, fig. 3, 7-9.

• Distribution: Peru.

Zorotypus (s.s.) lawrencei New

• Zorotypus lawrencei New, 1995:244, fig 1-5 (female).
• Zorotypus lawrencei; Chao and Chen, 2000:26.
• Zorotypus lawrencei New, 2000:78
• Zorotypus lawrencei; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Christmas Island

Zorotypus (s.s.) leleupi Weidner

• Zorotypus leleupi Weidner, 1976:162, fig. 1-9 (female, nymph, egg).
• Zorotypus leleupi; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus leleupi; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus leleupi; Choe, 1989:150.
• Meridozoros leleupi; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:341, fig. 5-9 (adult).
• Zorotypus leleupi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Galapagos Islands.

Zorotypus (s.s.) longicercatus Caudell

• Zorotypus longicercatus Caudell, 1927:144, fig. 1-2 (nymph).
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Karny, 1932:119.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Gurney, 1938:71, fig. 26.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Shetlar, 1974:7.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; New, 1978:361.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Chao and Chen, 2000:26.
• Zorotypus longicercatus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Jamaica.

Zorotypus machadoi Delamare-Deboutteville

• Zorotypus machadoi Delamare-Deboutteville, 1951:37 (nomen nudum).
• Zorotypus machadoi; van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:101 (nomen nudum).
• Zorotypus machadoi; Gurney, 1974:32 (nomen nudum).
• Zorotypus machadoi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159 (nomen nudum).

• Distribution: Angola.

• The name "Zorotypus machadoi" has only been used without an associated description and must be considered a nomen nudum. It is therefore unavailable as a species name in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature, 1985).

Zorotypus (s.s.) manni Caudell

• Zoraptera [sic; error for Zorotypus] manni Caudell, 1923a:60 (female).
• Zorotypus manni; Caudell, 1923b:104.
• Zorotypus manni; Karny, 1932:119.
• Zorotypus manni; Gurney, 1938:71, fig. 40-41 (female).
• Zorotypus manni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus manni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus manni; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus manni; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus manni; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus manni; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus manni; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus manni; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus manni; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus manni; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus manni; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus manni; Engel, 2000:17, fig. 5b (female).
• Zorotypus manni; Engel, 2001:279,
• Zorotypus manni; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Bolivia, Peru.

Zorotypus (s.s.) medoensis Huang

• Zorotypus medoensis Huang, 1978:225, fig. 1, 3, 5. (male).
• Zorotypus medoensis; Huang, 1980:216, fig. 1-2 (male).
• Zorotypus medoensis; Huang, 1981a:1087 (male).
• Zorotypus medoensis; Huang, 1981b:124, fig. 1-2, pl. 3 (male).
• Zorotypus medoensis; Huang, 1982:269, fig. 1c-d (male).
• Zorotypus medoensis; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus medoensis; Engel, 2001:278.
• Zorotypus medoensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:18.
• Zorotypus medoensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Tibet.

Zorotypus (s.s.) mexicanus Bolivar y Pieltain

• Zorotypus mexicanus Bolivar y Pieltain, 1940:516, pl. 77 fig. 1, pl. 78 fig. 1-10 (male, female).
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:99.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Weidner, 1969:31, fig. 3.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 2 (adult).
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Gurney, 1974: fig. 8.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Weidner, 1976:175.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus mexicanus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Mexico.

Zorotypus (Octozoros) nascimbenei Engel and Grimaldi

• Zorotypus nascimbenei Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:7, fig. 2, 6, 9 (female).
• Zorotypus nascimbenei; Engel, 2003, fig. 1d.
• Zorotypus (Octozoros) nascimbenei; Engel, 2003147.

• Distribution:Myanmar (Cretaceous).

Zorotypus (s.s.) neotropicus Silvestri

• Zorotypus neotropicus Silvestri, 1916:120 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Caudell, 1918:380.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Caudell, 1922:135.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Karny, 1932:119.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Gurney, 1938:72.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Silvestri, 1947:9, fig. 5-6 (female, nymph, egg).
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:40 (female).
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Weidner, 1969:31, fig. 4-7.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970:47 (female).
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Seeger, 1975:139 (antennae).
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Weidner, 1976:174.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Engel, 2001:280.
• Zorotypus neotropicus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Costa Rica.

Zorotypus (s.s.) newi (Chao and Chen)

• Formosozoros newi Chao and Chen, 2000:25, fig. 1-6 (female).
• Zorotypus newi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Taiwan.

Zorotypus (s.s.) palaeus Poinar

• Zorotypus palaeus Poinar, 1988:254, fig. 1-7 (female).
• Zorotypus palaeus; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus palaeus; Chao and Chen, 2000:26.
• Zorotypus palaeus; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:151.

• Distribution: Dominican Republic (Eocene amber).

Zorotypus (s.s.) philippinensis Gurney

• Zorotypus philippinensis Gurney, 1938:72, fig. 55-56 (female).
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus philippinensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Philippines.

Zorotypus (s.s.) shannoni Gurney

• Zorotypus shannoni Gurney, 1938:66, fig. 44-48 (male).
• Zorotypus shannoni; Denis, 1949:550.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:40 (male).
• Zorotypus shannoni; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:99.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970:47 (male).
• Zorotypus shannoni; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus shannoni; New, 1978:363, fig. 1-6 (male).
• Zorotypus shannoni; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus shannoni; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Brazil.

Zorotypus (s.s.) silvestrii Karny

• Zorotypus silvestrii Karny, 1927:1, fig. 1-3, pl. 1 (adult, nymph).
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Karny, 1932:119.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Gurney, 1938:73.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:248.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus silvestri; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus silvestri; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus silvestri; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; New, 1995:244.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; New, 2000:79.
• Zorotypus silvestrii; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Indonesia (Metawai Island).

Zorotypus (s.s.) sinensis Huang

• Zorotypus sinensis Huang, 1974:424, pl. 1 fig. 1-5, pl. 2 fig. 1-7 (male; also misspelled chinensis).
• Zorotypus sinensis; Huang, 1976:225, fig. 2, 4, 6 (male).
• Zorotypus sinensis; Huang, 1980:216.
• Zorotypus sinensis; Huang, 1981a:1087 (male).
• Zorotypus sinensis; Huang, 1981b:124, pl. 1-2 (male).
• Zorotypus sinensis; Huang, 1982:269, fig. 1a-b.
• Zorotypus sinensis; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus sinensis; Engel, 2001:278.
• Zorotypus sinensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:18.
• Zorotypus sinensis; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Tibet.

Zorotypus (s.s.) snyderi Caudell

• Zorotypus snyderi Caudell, 1920:90, fig. 5 (male, female, nymph, egg).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Snyder, 1920:118 (adult).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Crampton, 1921b:97, pl. 2 fig. 5.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Crampton, 1921a:111, fig. 3, 12.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Caudell, 1922:135.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Crampton, 1922: pl. 1 fig. 3 (wing).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Caudell, 1923a:60.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Caudell, 1927:145.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Gurney, 1938:67, fig. 11-24 (male).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Bolivar y Pieltain, 1940:519.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Gurney, 1942:43.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Denis, 1949: fig. 196, 200a, b.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:40, fig. 34 (male).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:99.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Hennig, 1969, fig. 65 (wing).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Matsuda, 1965:120, fig. 48a.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Delamare-Debouteville, 1970:47, fig. 45 (male).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 7, 16 (male).
• Zorotypus snyderi; de Zayas, 1974:48.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Shetlar, 1974:7.
• Zorotypus snyderi; New, 1978:361.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Hennig, 1981, fig. 65 (wing).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Riegel, 1987:184 (nymph).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Choe, 1989:150.
• Floridazoros snyderi; Kukalová-Peck and Peck, 1993:340, fig. 2 (adult).
• Zorotypus snyderi; Wheeler et al., 2001:121.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:18.
• Zorotypus snyderi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:155.

• Distribution: Florida, Jamaica.

Zorotypus (s.s.) swezeyi Caudell

• Zorotypus swezeyi Caudell, 1922:133 (female).
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Fullaway, 1923:344.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Wheeler, 1923:346 (sociality).
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Gurney, 1938:72, fig. 42-43 (female).
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948a:348.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Zimmerman, 1948:214.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1954:130.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Weidner, 1976:175.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Riegel, 1987:184.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus swezeyi; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:160.

• Distribution: Hawaii.

Zorotypus (s.s.) vinsoni Paulian

• Zorotypus vinsoni Paulian, 1951:34, fig. 1-3 (male, female).
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:40 (male).
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970:47 (male).
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Weidner, 1970:2.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; van Ryn-Tournel, 1971:101.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Gurney, 1974:32.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus vinsoni; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:160.

• Distribution: Mauritius.

Zorotypus (s.s.) weidneri New

• Zorotypus weidneri New, 1978:365, fig. 7-15 (male, female).
• Zorotypus weidneri; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus weidneri; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus weidneri; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus weidneri; Choe, 1989:150.
• Zorotypus weidneri; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:158.

• Distribution: Brazil.

Zorotypus (s.s.) zimmermani Gurney

• Zorotypus zimmermani Gurney, 1939:161, fig. 1-9 (male, female, nymph).
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Zimmermann, 1948:214, fig. 120 (male, female).
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1956:40, fig. 35-36 (male).
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Bolivar y Pieltain and Coronado-G., 1963:98.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Weidner, 1969:31.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Delamare-Deboutteville, 1970:47, fig. 46-47 (male).
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Weidner, 1970:2, fig. 7 (male).
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Shetlar, 1974:9.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Matsuda, 1976:167, fig. 40b-c (male).
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Weidner, 1976:176.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; New, 1978:362.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Huang, 1981a:1089.
• Zorotypus zimmermeni [sic]; Huang, 1982:270.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Poinar, 1988:257.
• Zorotypus zimmermani; Engel and Grimaldi, 2002:159.

• Distribution: Fiji.

Zorotypus (s.s.) sp. Costa Lima

• Zorotypus sp. Costa Lima, 1938: fig. 155.

• Distribution: Brazil.

Zorotypus (s.s.) sp. Denis

• [Zorotypus sp.] Denis, 1932:109 (adult, nymph).

• Distribution: Vietnam (Indochina [Dalat]).

Zorotypus (s.s.) sp. de Zayas

• [Zorotypus sp.] de Zayas, 1974:46, fig. 33a, 34a,b (nymph, adult).

• Distribution: Cuba.

Genus Menonia George

• Menonia George, 1936:86 (Type-species: Menonia cochinensis George, monotypy).
• Menonia; Gurney, 1938:74 (transferred to Gryllidae).
• Memonia [sic]; Denis, 1949:553.
• Minomia [sic]; Shetlar, 1974:8.
• Menomia [sic]; Shetlar, 1974:8.

• Although originally established in the order Zoraptera for the single species Menonia cochinensis by George, the genus Menonia does not belong to the Zoraptera and was tranferred to the Gryllidae (Orthoptera) by Gurney (1938).

Menonia cochinensis George

• Menonia cochinensis George, 1936:86, fig. 1-2.
• Menonia cochinensis; Gurney, 1938:74.
• Menonia cochinensis; Huang, 1974:423.
• Menomia [sic] cochinensis; Shetlar, 1974:8.

• Distribution: South India.

General Non-Specific References to Zoraptera

Crampton, 1916:252 (phylogeny).

Crampton, 1919:65 (phylogeny).

Crampton, 1920a:119 (phylogeny).

Karny, 1923b:34 (phylogeny).

Wheeler, 1928:149.

Tillyard, 1935:266 (relationship to Permian order Copeognatha).

Wilson and Doner, 1937:100 (classification).

Crampton, 1938:173 (phylogeny).

Burgeon and Basilewsky, 1951:198.

Delamare-Deboutteville, 1952:148 (morphology).

Brues, Melander, and Carpenter, 1954:130 (classification).

Ross, 1955:201 (evolution).

Wilson, 1959:441 (New Guinea; "zorapteran" stage of rotting wood).

Königsmann, 1960:707 (phylogeny).

Wille, 1960:111 (phylogeny).

Alam, 1962:64 (phylogeny).

Bickley in Duckworth, 1966:173 (Maryland).

Sharov, 1968:17 (evolution).

Araujo, 1970:537 (Guyana; association with termites)

Kukalová-Peck, 1973:56 (classification).

Enghoff, 1976:45 (parthenogenesis unknown).

Hamilton, 1978:160.

Boudreaux, 1979:215 (phylogeny).

Matsuda, 1979:151 (neotony).

Skaife, 1979:79.

Hinton, 1981:507 (eggs).

Kristensen, 1981:149 (phylogeny).

Brown, 1982:393.

Fisher and Hespenheide, 1982:723 (Panama; prey of robber fly).

Roonwal, 1985:227 (wing microsculpturing).

Roonwal and Rathore, 1985:519 (wing microsculpturing).

Hölldobler and Wilson, 1986:50 (prey of ants).

Wilson and Hölldobler, 1986:77 (prey of ants).

Zoraptera webmaster: michael.hubbard@famu.edu
This page last modified 28 May 2004